[The challenges of human resources governance in public healthcare. SESPAS Report 2024]. / Los retos de la gobernanza de los recursos humanos de la sanidad pública. Informe SESPAS 2024.

Recurrent imbalances between supply, demand and personnel needs are one of the main challenges facing the National Health System (NHS). This situation has its origin both in supply factors and in the conditioning factors of the demand for human resources in the public health sector. The demographic structure of the NHS health professionals is generating an increasing number of outflows of doctors and nurses. On the other hand, the complex institutional architecture of the public health system produces dysfunctions in the structure of demand and in the form of recruitment. This paper argues for the need to articulate a strategic response that addresses the improvement of the governance of the human resources of the NHS and the reform of the instruments of coordination and harmonization of actions at the three levels of government of public healthcare.

Assessment of postoperative morbidity in Spanish hospitals: Results from a national survey.

BACKGROUND: The methodology used for recording, evaluating and reporting postoperative complications (PC) is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine how PC are recorded, evaluated, and reported in General and Digestive Surgery Services (GDSS) in Spain, and to assess their stance on morbidity audits. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, an anonymous survey of 50 questions was sent to all the heads of GDSS at hospitals in Spain. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 67 out of 222 services (30.2%). These services have a reference population (RP) of 15 715 174 inhabitants, representing 33% of the Spanish population. Only 15 services reported being requested to supply data on morbidity by their hospital administrators. Eighteen GDSS, with a RP of 3 241 000 (20.6%) did not record PC. Among these, 7 were accredited for some area of training. Thirty-six GDSS (RP 8 753 174 (55.7%) did not provide details on all PC in patients' discharge reports. Twenty-four (37%) of the 65 GDSS that had started using a new surgical procedure/technique had not recorded PC in any way. Sixty-five GDSS were not concerned by the prospect of their results being audited, and 65 thought that a more comprehensive knowledge of PC would help them improve their results. Out of the 37 GDSS that reported publishing their results, 27 had consulted only one source of information: medical progress records in 11 cases, and discharge reports in 9. CONCLUSIONS: This study reflects serious deficiencies in the recording, evaluation and reporting of PC by GDSS in Spain.

El tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico en España EN 2021: resultado de una encuesta nacional entre anestesiólogos pediátricos / The management of paediatric acute pain in Spain IN 2021: Results of a national survey among paediatric anaesthesiologists

Objetivo: Mejorar el conocimiento acerca de la práctica clínica habitual en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico en España.MétodosSe llevó a cabo una encuesta telemática a través de Internet en una muestra representativa de profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (concretamente anestesiólogos) en España. La encuesta incluyó 28 cuestiones acerca de su práctica clínica habitual en la valoración y el tratamiento del dolor agudo, así como aspectos formativos y organizativos en el dolor agudo pediátrico.ResultadosLa encuesta fue completada durante el mes de marzo de 2021 por 150 especialistas en anestesiología. Los encuestados presentaron una amplia experiencia en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (media de años de experiencia: 14,3; DE: 7,8) y básicamente en dolor agudo postoperatorio (97% casos). Aunque el 80% de los mismos utilizaba de modo habitual escalas validadas de valoración de dolor agudo pediátrico, solo el 2,6% utilizaba las específicas adaptadas para pacientes con discapacidad cognitiva. La mayoría de los encuestados empleaba habitualmente fármacos analgésicos como el paracetamol (99%) o el metamizol (92%), pero solo el 84% los complementaba con alguna técnica de bloqueo loco-regional u otra medicación tipo antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (62%). Además, únicamente un 62,7% reconocía haber recibido formación específica en dolor agudo pediátrico, solo un 45% seguía protocolos institucionales hospitalarios y un escaso 28% lo hacía a través de unidades de dolor infantil.ConclusionesLa encuesta identificó importantes puntos de mejora en la formación y organización del tratamiento del dolor agudo de los pacientes españoles en edad pediátrica. (AU)

Objective: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain.MethodsA telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain.ResultsThe survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units.ConclusionsThe survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients. (AU)

Consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en niños entre 6 y 23 meses según la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud de Argentina / Consumption of ultra-processed foods among children aged 6 to 23 months as per the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of Argentina

Introducción. Contar con los datos del consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en los niños resulta importante para planificar políticas públicas. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en menores de 2 años e identificar factores asociados. Describir la proporción que los alimentos ultraprocesados representan del número total de los alimentos consumidos en el día. Métodos. Análisis secundario de los datos de niños entre 6 y 23 meses de edad con al menos un recordatorio de 24 horas de consumo de alimentos de la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud de Argentina del año 2018. Se estudiaron como variables principales: "consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados" (según el sistema NOVA) categorizada en sí/no y la "proporción de ultraprocesados del total de alimentos consumidos". Los factores asociados explorados fueron lactancia materna, sexo, edad y el número de alimentos no ultraprocesados consumidos. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariable y se aplicó un factor de expansión para ponderar los datos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 4224 niños (ponderado 908 104). La prevalencia de consumo de ultraprocesados fue del 90,8 % (IC95%: 89,5-92) y fue asociado con mayor edad (OR 3,21; IC95% 2,28-4,52) y con el número de alimentos no ultraprocesados consumidos (OR 1,17; IC95% 1,13-1,23). Los ultraprocesados representaron una mediana del 20 % (RIC: 12,5-28,6 %) del total de alimentos consumidos en el día. Conclusiones. Este estudio señala la alta penetración de los alimentos ultraprocesados en la alimentación complementaria.

Introduction. The availability of data on the consumption of ultra-processed foods among children is important for planning public policies. Objectives. To describe the prevalence of consumption of ultra-processed foods in children under 2 years of age and identify associated factors. To describe the proportion that ultra-processed foods represent out of the total number of foods consumed in a day. Methods. Secondary analysis of data from children aged 6­23 months with at least a 24-hour recall of food consumption based on the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of Argentina (2018). The following primary variables were studied: "consumption of ultra-processed foods" (according to the NOVA system) categorized into yes/no and "proportion of ultra-processed out of total foods consumed." The following associated factors were studied: breastfeeding, sex, age, and number of non-ultra-processed foods consumed. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed and an expansion factor was applied to weight the data. Results. A total of 4224 children were included (weighed: 908 104). The prevalence of ultra-processed food consumption was 90.8% (95% CI: 89.5­92) and was associated with an older age (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 2.28­4.52) and the number of non-ultra-processed foods consumed (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.13­1.23). Ultra-processed foods accounted for a median 20% (IQR: 12.5­28.6%) of all foods consumed in a day. Conclusions. This study highlights the high penetration of ultra-processed foods in complementary feeding.

Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario ARMS-e en pacientes con Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Validity and reliability of the ARMS-e questionnaire in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Introducción: El cuestionario “Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale” (ARMS) se diseñó para medir adherencia al tratamiento. Fue traducido y adaptado al español, pero no se han evaluado sus propiedades psicométricas. El objetivo fue evaluar dichas propiedades en una población con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: El estudio se llevó a cabo en farmacias comunitarias de Granada (España) mediante entrevista. Se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales (AFCP) con rotación Varimax (validez de constructo), un análisis de concordancia (validez de criterio concurrente y fiabilidad por estabilidad temporal) y alfa de Cronbach y correlación ítem-total (fiabilidad por homogeneidad). Resultados: 107 pacientes entraron en el estudio. El 54,2 % (58) fueron hombres y la edad media fue 70,5 años (D.E.: 9,7). El AFCP extrajo 4 factores que explicaron el 57,49 % de la varianza total. El alfa de Cronbach= 0,428 y el test-retest κ= 0,627 (p > 0,001). Conclusiones: El ARMS-e no puede ser considerado una herramienta útil para medir la adherencia al tratamiento antidiabético oral en esta muestra. (AU)

Introduction: The Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale questionnaire (ARMS) was designed to measure ad-herence to treatment. It was translated and adapted into Spanish, but its psychometric properties have not been evaluated. The aim was to evaluate these properties in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: The study was carried out in community pharmacies in Granada (Spain) by interview. A principal compo-nent factor analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation (construct validity), a concordance analysis (concurrent criterion validity and reliability by temporal stability) and Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlation (reliability by homo-geneity) were performed. Results: 107 patients entered the study. 54.2 % (58) were male and the mean age was 70.5 (SD: 9.7). The PCA extract-ed 4 factors that explained 57.49 % of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha= 0.428, and in the test-retest κ= 0.627 (p > 0.001). Conclusions: The ARMS-e cannot be considered a useful tool to measure adherence to oral antidiabetic treatment in this sample. (AU)

Evolución de la prevalencia de sedentarismo en la población española entre los años 1987 y 2020 / Evolution of sedentarism prevalence in Spanish population between 1987 and 2020

Antecedentes y objetivo: El sedentarismo es un factor predictivo para numerosas enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la evolución de la prevalencia de sedentarismo en la población española adulta entre los años 1987-2020. Métodos: Las fuentes de datos fueron las Encuestas Nacionales y Europeas de Salud. La prevalencia de sedentarismo se valoró en 3 escenarios (actividad principal, tiempo libre y todos los escenarios). Se estimaron prevalencias de sedentarismo global, por sexo y grupo de edad. En todos los escenarios la prevalencia también se estimó por comunidad autónoma. La tendencia de las prevalencias se analizó con los porcentajes de cambio anual (PCA) obtenidos a través de modelos joinpoint. Resultados: La prevalencia de sedentarismo en la actividad principal varió entre el 31,2% en 1987 y el 38,4% en 2020 (PCA: 0,7 [0,5 a 1,0]), siendo mayor en los varones que en las mujeres, y más elevada en los más jóvenes y en los más mayores. La prevalencia de sedentarismo en el tiempo libre varió entre el 55,1% en 1993 y el 36,4% en 2020 (PCA: −1,4 [−1,9 a −0,9]), siendo siempre superior en las mujeres, más alta en los mayores de 64 años y menor en los de 16-24 años. Cantabria y Canarias fueron las comunidades autónomas con la prevalencia de sedentarismo más baja en todos los escenarios. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sedentarismo en la actividad principal está aumentando en España, mientras que durante el tiempo libre está descendiendo. Es importante aplicar medidas de prevención y promoción de la salud dirigidas a disminuir el sedentarismo en la población.(AU)

Background and objective: Sedentary behavior is a predictive factor for numerous diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of the prevalence of sedentary behavior in the Spanish adult population between 1987 and 2020. Methods: The data sources were the National and European Health Surveys. The prevalence of sedentary behavior was assessed in three scenarios (main activity, leisure time and all scenarios). Prevalence of sedentary behavior was estimated overall, by sex and age group. In all scenarios, prevalence was also estimated by Autonomous Community. The prevalence trend was analyzed with the annual percent change (APC) obtained through joinpoint models. Results: The prevalence of sedentary in the main activity ranged from 31.2% in 1987 to 38.4% in 2020 [PCA: 0.7 (0.5-1.0)], being higher in men than in women and higher in younger and older people. The prevalence of sedentary in the leisure time varied between 55.1% in 1993 and 36.4% in 2020 [PCA: −1.4 (−1.9 to −0.9)], being always higher in women, higher in those over 64 years of age and lower in those aged 16–24 years. Cantabria and the Canary Islands were the Autonomous Communities with the lowest prevalence of sedentary behavior in all scenarios. Conclusions: The prevalence of sedentary behavior in the main activity is increasing in Spain, whereas during leisure time it is decreasing. It is important to implement prevention and health promotion measures aimed at reducing sedentary behavior in the population.(AU)

The management of paediatric acute pain in Spain IN 2021: Results of a national survey among paediatric anaesthesiologists.

OBJECTIVE: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain. METHODS: A telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain. RESULTS: The survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients.

Versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: adaptación transcultural y validación en personal auxiliar de enfermería / Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides

Fundamento. El objetivo de este trabajo es traducir, adaptar culturalmente y validar una versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) en una muestra de personal auxiliar de enfermería. Metodología. Se realizó la traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario y se incluyó dentro de una batería de escalas, cumplimentada por 526 auxiliares de enfermería de centros residenciales para personas mayores del Principado de Asturias. Se analizó la validación de la escala a través de la sucesión del análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). La consistencia interna se estimó con el coeficiente ordinal ω de McDonald, complementándose con el análisis de fiabilidad test-retest por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC). La validez de criterio se estimó a través de la correlación de la puntuación total de la prueba con las medidas de calidad de vida, incertidumbre laboral, demanda psicológica y apoyo social en el trabajo. Resultados. Los índices de ajuste de AFE y AFC mostraron que se trata de una prueba unidimensional. Los valores de consistencia interna señalaron una fiabilidad muy alta (ω= 0,81) y el ICC fue excelente (r= 0,95). La validez de criterio mostró una correlación estadísticamente significativa con todos los constructos estudiados, especialmente con la calidad de vida. Conclusiones. La presente versión española del NMQ presenta unas buenas cualidades psicométricas en la población de personal auxiliar de enfermería por lo que podría ser una herramienta válida y fiable en la evaluación de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos. (AU)

Background. The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. Methods. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald’s Omega coefficient (ω), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. Results. The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (ω = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. Conclusions. This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders. (AU)

Evolution of smoking prevalence in Spain and its 17 autonomous regions (1987-2020). / Evolución de la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en España y sus 17 comunidades autónomas (1987-2020).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous monitoring of smoking prevalence is essential to understand the evolution of the tobacco epidemic in a population. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of smoking prevalence in Spain and its 17 Autonomous Regions (ARs) in population ≥15 years during the period 1987-2020. METHODS: Tobacco consumption data were derived from the National Health Survey of Spain and the European Health Survey in Spain. A smoker was defined as a person who smoked at the time of the survey. The trend in prevalences by sex in Spain and its ARs was analyzed by applying joinpoint models. Age-standardized prevalences were calculated for Spain by applying the direct method. RESULTS: In Spain, the prevalence of consumption decreased 29 percentage points in men and 4.5 in women between 1987-2020. In men, the smoking prevalence decreased in all the ARs and the absolute change varied between -19.5% in the Balearic Islands and -33.9% in Andalusia. In women, the evolution of smoking prevalence differed between ARs. The absolute change varied between -15.4% in Basque Country and 0.5% in Andalusia. CONCLUSIONS: The number of men and women smokers has decreased in Spain between 1987-2020. Different patterns of evolution of the prevalence of consumption are observed among the ARs, especially among women. This reinforces the need for policies adapted to more local contexts and that take into account the gender perspective.

The FlaQuM-Quickscan: A starting point to include primary care professionals' perspectives in the evaluation of hospital quality priorities.

INTRODUCTION: Today, primary care professionals' (PCPs) perspectives on hospital quality are unknown when evaluating hospital quality priorities. The aims of the present study were to identify key healthcare quality attributes from PCPs' perspective, to validate an instrument that measures PCPs' experiences of healthcare quality multidimensionally and to define hospital quality priorities based on PCPs' experiences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Focus groups with PCPs were conducted to identify quality attributes through a qualitative in-depth analysis. A multicentre study of 18 hospitals was used to quantitatively assess construct, discriminant and criterion validity of the FlaQuM-Quickscan, an instrument that measures 'Healthcare quality for patients and kin' (part 1) and 'Healthcare quality for professionals' (part 2). To set quality priorities, scores on quality domains were analyzed descriptively and between-hospital variation was examined by evaluating differences in hospitals' mean scores on the quality domains using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Identified key attributes largely corresponded with Lachman's multidimensional quality model. Including 'Communication' as a new quality domain was recommended. The FlaQuM-Quickscan was completed by 550 PCPs. Confirmatory factor analyses showed reasonable to good fit, except for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) in part 2. The 'Equity' domain scored the highest in parts 1 and 2. Domains 'Kin-centred care' and 'Accessibility and timeliness' scored the lowest in part 1 and 'Resilience' and 'Partnership and co-production' in part 2. Significant variation in hospitals' mean scores was observed for eleven domains in part 1 and sixteen domains in part 2. CONCLUSIONS: The results gained a better understanding of PCPs' perspective on quality. The FlaQuM-Quickscan is a valid instrument to measure PCPs' experiences of hospital quality. Identified priorities indicate that hospital management should focus on multifaceted quality strategies, including technical domains, person-and kin-centredness, core values and catalysts.

Vulnerabilidade em saúde: evidências de validade de um banco de itens / Vulnerabilidad en salud: evidencias de validez de un banco de ítems / Health vulnerability: evidence of validity of an item bank

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências de validade de conteúdo e processo de resposta de um banco de itens sobre vulnerabilidade em saúde. Métodos Estudo psicométrico, subsidiado pelo polo teórico de Pasquali. Foram selecionados 62 especialistas com características sociodemográficas e acadêmicas distintas. Desses, 15 responderam ao questionário de validade de conteúdo. Após os ajustes, o banco passou para fase de validade de processo de resposta e foi avaliado por 12 usuários dos serviços de saúde. Utilizou-se coeficiente de validade de conteúdo para avaliação dos itens e do banco, cuja confiabilidade foi verificada pelo teste binomial, considerando percentual de 80% e p-valor >0,05. Resultados O banco apresentou boa evidência de validade de conteúdo pelos especialistas, cujos coeficientes foram 0,87 para o elemento sujeito, 0,86 para o elemento social e 0,865 para o geral. O público-alvo realizou sugestões na fase de validade de processo de resposta para melhor compreensão dos itens (coeficiente total: 0,89), sendo considerado, claro, preciso e compreensível. Conclusão A versão final do banco de itens possui 535 itens, sendo 238 para o sujeito e 297 para o social. Apresenta indícios de evidência de validade de conteúdo e processo de resposta e está apto para testagem de validade de estrutura interna.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias de validez de contenido y proceso de respuesta de un banco de ítems sobre vulnerabilidad en salud. Métodos Estudio psicométrico, fundamentado por el polo teórico de Pasquali. Se seleccionaron 62 especialistas con características sociodemográficas y académicas diferentes. Entre ellos, 15 respondieron al cuestionario de validez de contenido. Después de las adaptaciones, el banco pasó a la fase de validez del proceso de respuesta y fue evaluado por 12 usuarios de los servicios de salud. Se utilizó el coeficiente de validez de contenido para evaluar los ítems y el banco, cuya fiabilidad ser verificó mediante la prueba binominal, que consideró un porcentaje de 80 y p-valor >0,05. Resultados El banco presentó buena evidencia de validez de contenido por los especialistas, cuyos coeficientes fueron 0,87 en el elemento sujeto, 0,86 en el elemento social y 0,865 en el general. El público destinatario realizó sugerencias en la fase de validez del proceso de respuesta para una mejor comprensión de los ítems (coeficiente total: 0,89) y fue considerado claro, preciso y comprensible. Conclusión La versión final del banco de ítems contiene 535 ítems, de los cuales 238 son para el sujeto y 297 para el social. Presenta indicios de evidencia de validez de contenido y proceso de respuesta y está apto para una prueba de validez de estructura interna.

Abstract Objective To analyze the evidence of content validity and response process of a health vulnerability item bank. Methods Psychometric study with support of Pasquali's theoretical pole in which 62 specialists with different sociodemographic and academic characteristics were selected and 15 of them responded to the content validity questionnaire. After adjustments, the bank moved to the response process validity phase and was evaluated by 12 health service users. A content validity coefficient was used to evaluate the items and the bank, which had the reliability assessed by the binomial test, considering a percentage of 80% and p-value >0.05. Results The bank presented good evidence of content validity by experts. The coefficients were 0.87 for the subject element, 0.86 for the social element and 0.865 for the general element. The target audience made suggestions in the response process validity phase to better understand the items (total coefficient: 0.89), which were considered clear, accurate and understandable. Conclusion The final version of the item bank has 535 items, 238 for the subject and 297 for the social element. It presents evidence of validity of content and response process and is suitable for testing the validity of internal structure.

Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with hypertensive crisis among Peruvian adults / Prevalencia, tendencias y factores asociados a la crisis hipertensiva en adultos peruanos / Prevalência, tendências e fatores associados à crise hipertensiva em adultos peruanos

There are few studies focused on the epidemiology of hypertensive crisis at the population level in resource-constrained settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends over time of hypertensive crisis, as well as the factors associated with this condition among adults. A secondary data analysis was carried out using the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Hypertensive crisis was defined based on the presence of systolic (≥ 180mmHg) or diastolic (≥ 110mmHg) blood pressure, regardless of previous diagnosis or medication use. The factors associated with our outcome were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression, and the trend of hypertensive crisis was evaluated using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Data from 260,167 participants were analyzed, with a mean age of 44.2 (SD: 16.9) years and 55.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 23% (95%CI: 22.7-23.4) and, among them, 5.7% (95%CI: 5.4-5.9) had hypertensive crisis, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (95%CI: 1.4-1.6). From 2014 to 2022, a significant decrease in the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was observed, from 1.7% in 2014 to 1.4% in 2022 (p = 0.001). In the multivariable model, males, increasing age, living in urban areas, high body mass index, and self-reported type 2 diabetes were positively associated with hypertensive crisis, whereas higher educational level, socioeconomic status, and high altitude were inversely associated. There is a need to improve strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension, especially hypertensive crisis.

Pocos estudios se han centrado en la epidemiología de la crisis hipertensiva a nivel poblacional en entornos de recursos limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y tendencia, a lo largo del tiempo, de la crisis hipertensiva y los factores asociados a esta condición en adultos. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios utilizando la Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de Perú. La crisis hipertensiva se definió en función de la presencia de presión arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) o diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independientemente del diagnóstico previo o del uso de medicamentos. Los factores asociados a los resultados se evaluaron mediante regresión logística multinomial, y la tendencia a la crisis hipertensiva se estimó mediante la prueba Cochran-Armitage. Los datos de 260.167 participantes, con una media de 44,2 años (DE: 16,9) y 55,5% mujeres, fueron analizados. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), de la cual el 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) tuvo crisis hipertensiva, con una prevalencia general del 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). En el período 2014-2022 se constató una disminución significativa en la prevalencia de crisis hipertensiva, del 1,7% en 2014 al 1,4% en 2022 (p = 0,001). En el modelo multivariable, el sexo masculino, el aumento de la edad, vivir en áreas urbanas, el alto índice de masa corporal y la diabetes autoinformada se asociaron positivamente con la crisis hipertensiva, mientras que mayor nivel educativo, nivel socioeconómico y elevada altitud estuvieron asociadas de manera inversa. Es necesario mejorar las estrategias para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión, especialmente de la crisis hipertensiva.

Há poucos estudos focados na epidemiologia da crise hipertensiva em nível populacional em ambientes com recursos limitados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e a tendência, ao longo do tempo, da crise hipertensiva e fatores associados a essa condição em adultos. Uma análise de dados secundários foi realizada usando a Pesquisa Demográfica de Saúde Familiar (ENDES) do Peru. Crise hipertensiva foi definida com base na presença de pressão arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) ou diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independentemente de diagnóstico prévio ou uso de medicação. Os fatores associados aos resultados foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística multinomial, e a tendência de crise hipertensiva foi avaliada pelo teste de Cochrane-Armitage. Os dados de 260.167 participantes, com média de 44,2 anos (DP: 16,9) e 55,5% mulheres, foram analisados. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), dentre eles, 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) apresentaram crise hipertensiva, com prevalência geral de 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). De 2014 a 2022, observou-se queda significativa na prevalência de crise hipertensiva, de 1,7% em 2014 para 1,4% em 2022 (p = 0,001). No modelo multivariável, sexo masculino, idade crescente, residir em área urbana, índice de massa corporal elevado e diabetes autorreferido associaram-se positivamente à crise hipertensiva, enquanto maior escolaridade, nível socioeconômico e altitude elevada associaram-se inversamente. Há necessidade de aprimorar as estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento e controle da hipertensão arterial, especialmente da crise hipertensiva.

How many meals and snacks do Brazilians eat a day? Findings from the 2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey / Quantas refeições e lanches os brasileiros fazem por dia? Resultados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação de 2017-2018 / ¿Cuántas comidas y meriendas tienen los brasileños por día? Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación 2017-2018

The habit of eating specific meals has been addressed in several studies, but the evaluation of meal patterns has received less attention. This study aimed to describe the meal patterns of the Brazilian population. A complex sampling design was used to select the 46,164 ≥ 10-year-old individuals examined in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey. Food consumption was assessed by two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls applied throughout a one-week period. The exploratory data analysis approach was used to determine the meal patterns, i.e., how individuals combined the main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and snacks (morning, afternoon, evening/night) throughout the day. The most common meal patterns were three main meals + one snack, reported by 25.1% of the individuals, and three main meals + two snacks (24.6%). Other meal patterns identified were: three main meals + three snacks (18.5%); three main meals and no snacks (10.9%); one or two main meals + two snacks (7.4%); one or two main meals + one snack (6.9%); one or two main meals + three snacks (4.2%); and one or two main meals and no snacks (2.3%). Meal patterns varied according to gender and age group, and on typical versus atypical food consumption days. We found that eight patterns characterized the daily meal consumption in Brazil. Furthermore, around 80% of the population had three main meals every day and about 13% did not report having any snacks. The characterization of meal habits is important for tailoring and targeting health promotion actions.

Os hábitos de consumo de refeições específicas têm sido abordados em diversos estudos, no entanto, a avaliação dos padrões refeições tem recebido menos atenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os padrões de refeições da população brasileira. Um desenho amostral complexo foi utilizado para selecionar os 46.164 indivíduos de ≥ 10 anos examinados no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação de 2017-2018. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de dois recordatórios de 24 horas não consecutivos, aplicados durante um período de uma semana. A análise exploratória de dados foi utilizada para determinar os padrões de refeições, ou seja, como os indivíduos combinam as principais refeições (café da manhã, almoço, jantar) e lanches (manhã, tarde, noite) ao longo do dia. Os padrões de refeições mais frequentes foram três refeições principais + um lanche, conforme relatado por 25,1% dos indivíduos, e três refeições principais + dois lanches (24,6%). Outros padrões de refeições identificados foram: três refeições principais + três lanches (18,5%); três refeições principais e nenhum lanche (10,9%); uma ou duas refeições principais + dois lanches (7,4%); uma ou duas refeições principais + um lanche (6,9%); uma ou duas refeições principais + três lanches (4,2%); e uma ou duas refeições principais e nenhum lanche (2,3%). Os padrões de refeições variaram de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária, e nos dias típicos em comparação com os atípicos de consumo alimentar. Verificou-se que oito padrões caracterizaram o consumo diário de refeições no Brasil. Além disso, cerca de 80% da população realizava três refeições principais diárias e cerca de 13% reportaram não lanchar. A caracterização dos padrões de refeições é importante para adequar e direcionar ações de promoção da saúde.

Los hábitos alimenticios específicos se han abordado en varios estudios, sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la evaluación de los patrones de alimentación. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el patrón de alimentación de la población brasileña. Se utilizó un diseño de muestra complejo para seleccionar a 46.164 individuos de ≥ 10 años quienes participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación 2017-2018. El consumo alimentario se evaluó mediante dos registros de 24 horas no consecutivos, aplicados durante una semana. Para determinar el patrón de alimentación, se aplicó el análisis exploratorio, es decir, cómo las personas combinan las comidas principales (desayuno, almuerzo, cena) y las meriendas (mañana, tarde, noche) a lo largo del día. Los patrones de alimentación más frecuentes fueron tres comidas principales + una merienda según informan el 25,1% de los individuos, y tres comidas principales + dos meriendas (24,6%). Otros patrones identificados destacaron tres comidas principales + tres meriendas (18,5%); tres comidas principales sin merienda (10,9%); una o dos comidas principales + dos meriendas (7,4%); una o dos comidas principales + una merienda (6,9%); una o dos comidas principales + tres meriendas (4,2%); y una o dos comidas principales sin merienda (2,3%). Los patrones de alimentación tuvieron una variación según el sexo y el grupo de edad, y en días típicos en comparación con los atípicos de consumo de alimentos. Se encontró que ocho patrones caracterizan el consumo diario de comidas en Brasil. Por lo tanto, aproximadamente el 80% de la población tienen tres comidas principales al día y aproximadamente el 13% informan que no tienen merienda. Es importante caracterizar los patrones de alimentación para adaptar y orientar las acciones de promoción de la salud.

Sodium intake according to NOVA food classification in Brazil: trends from 2002 to 2018 / Ingestão de sódio segundo a classificação NOVA no Brasil: tendências de 2002 a 2018 / Ingesta de sodio según la clasificación NOVA en Brasil: tendencias del 2002 al 2018

Abstract: Excessive sodium intake is a major global public health issue and the identification of dietary sources and temporal trends in its consumption are a key to effective sodium reduction policies. This study aims to update estimates of sodium intake and its dietary sources in Brazil according to the NOVA food classification system. Records of 7-day food purchases of households from the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey of 2002-2003, 2008-2009, and 2017-2018 were converted into nutrients using food composition tables and the mean availability was estimated per 2,000kcal/day. Mean daily sodium available for consumption in Brazilian households has increased from 3.9 to 4.7g per 2,000kcal, from 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, over twice the recommended levels of sodium intake. From 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, the processed culinary ingredients, including table salt, represented the largest dietary source of sodium, although their participation in dietary sodium was reduced by 17% (66.6% to 55%), while the percentage of dietary sodium from processed foods increased by 20.3% and from ultra-processed foods increased by 47.6% (11.3% to 13.6% and 17% to 25.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the total household sodium availability remains high and has increased over time in Brazil, yet the participation of different dietary sources of sodium have gradually changed.

Resumo: A ingestão excessiva de sódio é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública em todo o mundo e a identificação de fontes alimentares e tendências temporais no seu consumo são fundamentais para a elaboração de políticas eficazes de redução de sódio. Este estudo tem como objetivo atualizar as estimativas de ingestão de sódio e suas fontes alimentares no Brasil de acordo com o sistema de classificação NOVA. Os registros de compras de alimentos no período de 7 dias de famílias das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003, 2008-2009 e 2017-2018 foram convertidos em nutrientes utilizando tabelas de composição de alimentos. A disponibilidade média foi estimada em 2.000kcal/dia. A média diária de sódio disponível para consumo nos domicílios brasileiros aumentou de 3,9 para 4,7g por 2.000kcal, de 2002-2003 a 2017-2018, mais do que o dobro dos níveis recomendados de ingestão desse nutriente. De 2002-2003 a 2017-2018, os ingredientes culinários processados, incluindo o sal de cozinha, representaram a maior fonte de sódio, embora a sua participação no sódio dietético tenha sido reduzida em 17% (de 66,6% para 55%), enquanto a porcentagem de sódio dietético dos alimentos processados aumentou 20,3% e dos alimentos ultraprocessados aumentou 47,6% (11,3% para 13,6% e 17% para 25,1%, respectivamente). Concluindo, a disponibilidade total de sódio nos domicílios permanece alta e tem aumentado ao longo do tempo no Brasil, mas a participação de diferentes fontes dietéticas de sódio mudou gradualmente.

Resumen: La ingesta excesiva de sodio es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en todo el mundo, y la identificación de las fuentes alimentarias y tendencias temporales en su consumo son esenciales para desarrollar políticas efectivas de reducción de sodio. Este estudio tiene como objetivo actualizar las estimaciones de la ingesta de sodio y sus fuentes alimentarias en Brasil según el sistema de clasificación NOVA. Los registros de compras de alimentos en el período de 7 días de familias de las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares de Brasil de 2002-2003, 2008-2009 y 2017-2018 se convirtieron en nutrientes utilizando tablas de composición de alimentos. La disponibilidad media se estimó en 2.000kcal/día. El promedio diario de sodio disponible para el consumo en los hogares brasileños aumentó de 3,9 a 4,7g por 2.000kcal, entre 2002-2003 y 2017-2018, más del doble de los niveles de ingesta recomendados de este nutriente. Entre 2002-2003 y 2017-2018, los ingredientes culinarios procesados, incluida la sal de mesa, representaron la mayor fuente de sodio, aunque su participación en el sodio dietético se redujo en un 17% (del 66,6% al 55%), mientras que el porcentaje de sodio dietético de los alimentos procesados aumentó un 20,3% y de los alimentos ultraprocesados aumentó un 47,6% (11,3% a 13,6% y 17% a 25,1%, respectivamente). En conclusión, la disponibilidad total de sodio en los hogares sigue siendo alta y ha aumentado a lo largo del tiempo en Brasil, pero la proporción de diferentes fuentes dietéticas de sodio ha cambiado gradualmente.

Associação entre domínios da atividade física e sintomas depressivos em adultos brasileiros: todo movimento conta? / Asociación entre dominios de actividad física y síntomas depresivos en adultos brasileños: ¿cada movimiento cuenta? / Association between physical activity domains and depressive symptoms among Brazilian adults: does every move count?

Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação da prática de atividade física nos quatro domínios (tempo livre, deslocamento, doméstico e trabalho) e a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em adultos brasileiros, de maneira geral e estratificando-se por sexo, escolaridade e ter ou não diagnóstico referido de depressão. Estudo transversal, com dados de 88.531 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais, respondentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados pelo Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Questionário de Saúde do Paciente-9, PHQ-9). Foram considerados fisicamente ativos aqueles que referiram realizar atividade física pelo menos uma vez por semana no respectivo domínio. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o cálculo de tempo de prática semanal, sendo posteriormente divididos em quartis em cada domínio. Para as análises de associação, foram calculados o odds ratio bruto (ORbruto) e ajustado (ORajustado), no total e nas análises estratificadas. Os fisicamente ativos no tempo livre tiveram menor chance de apresentar sintomas depressivos, no total (ORajustado = 0,74; IC95%: 0,64-0,86) e em todas as estratificações, menos naqueles com depressão autorreferida. As associações na atividade física no tempo livre foram mais frequentes naqueles que praticavam entre 121 e 360 minutos semanais. Os indivíduos ativos nos domínios de deslocamento, doméstico e trabalho tiveram maior chance de apresentar sintomas depressivos em alguns grupos, com resultados mais consistentes para a atividade física doméstica. Os resultados evidenciaram que a relação da atividade física com a depressão em brasileiros varia conforme o domínio e a duração da atividade física, e que a ideia de que "todo movimento conta" parece adequada apenas para o domínio de tempo livre.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la práctica de actividad física en cuatro dominios (ocio, desplazamiento, actividad doméstica y trabajo) y la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en adultos brasileños, en general y estratificada por sexo, escolaridad y diagnóstico de depresión autoinformado. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de 88.531 individuos de 18 años o más, que respondieron la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en el 2019. Los síntomas depresivos se evaluaron mediante el Cuestionario sobre la Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9). Aquellos que realizan actividad física al menos una vez por semana en un dominio determinado se consideraron físicamente activos. Además, se calculó el tiempo de actividad física y luego se dividió en cuartiles para cada dominio. Para los análisis de asociación, se calcularon el odds ratio crudo (ORcrudo) y el odds ratio ajustado (ORajustado) para los análisis total y estratificado. Los individuos que son físicamente activos en durante el ocio presentaron menos probabilidades de tener síntomas depresivos, en el total (ORajustado = 0,74; IC95%: 0,64-0,86) y en todas las estratificaciones, excepto los individuos con depresión autoinformada. Las asociaciones de actividad física en el tiempo libre fueron más frecuentes en quienes practicaban de 121 a 360 minutos/semana. Los individuos que eran activos en los dominios desplazamiento, actividad doméstica y trabajo tuvieron más probabilidades de presentar síntomas depresivos en algunos grupos, con resultados más consistentes para las actividades domésticas. Los resultados mostraron que la relación entre actividad física y depresión entre los brasileños varía según el dominio y la duración, y el concepto de que "cada movimiento cuenta" parece ser correcto solo para el dominio del ocio.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the practice of physical activities in the four domains (leisure time, transportation, household, and work) and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Brazilian adults, in general and stratified by sex, schooling level, and having or not a self-reported diagnosis of depression. This is a cross-sectional study with data from 88,531 individuals aged 18 years or older, who responded to the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2019. The depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Those who practice physical activities at least once a week in a given domain were considered physically active. Additionally, the calculation of physical activities duration was conducted and later divided into quartiles for each domain. For the association analyses, the crude odds ratio (crudeOR) and adjusted odds ratio (adjustedOR) were calculated for the total and stratified analyses. Individuals who are physically active during leisure time showed a lower chance of presenting depressive symptoms, in total (adjustedOR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.64-0.86) and in all stratifications, except for individuals with self-reported depression. The associations of leisure-time physical activity were most frequent in those who practice from 121 to 360 minutes/week. The individuals who were active in the transportation, household, and work domains had a higher chance of presenting depressive symptoms in some groups, with more consistent results for household physical activities. The results showed that the relationship between physical activities and depression among Brazilians varies according to domain and duration, and that the concept that "every move counts" seemed to be correct only for the leisure-time domain.

Letramento funcional em saúde em renais crônicos: um desafio na abordagem preventiva / Alfabetización funcional en salud en pacientes renales crónicos: un desafío en el enfoque preventivo / Functional health literacy in chronic kidney disease patients: a challenge in the preventive approach

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de letramento funcional em saúde e analisar a associação entre os níveis de letramento funcional em saúde e as variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas em pacientes renais crônicos não dialíticos. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 167 renais crônicos em acompanhamento no ambulatório de nefrologia de um município de grande porte do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para as entrevistas foram utilizados questionário sociodemográfico e clínico e a versão brasileira do Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese Speaking Adults - SAHLPA-18, para mensurar o letramento funcional em saúde. Realizado estatística descritiva para variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas; testes de correlação e modelos de regressão lineares para associação com letramento funcional em saúde. Resultados A maior parte dos participantes era idosa com mediana de idade de 68 anos, 33,3% (56 pacientes) se encontravam no estágio 3B da doença renal crônica e 53,9% (90 pacientes) apresentaram letramento funcional em saúde inadequado. Não houve associação entre os níveis de letramento funcional em saúde e as variáveis clínicas. A maioria referiu não usar internet e o estágio mais avançado da doença renal crônica apresentou menores escores de letramento. Piores escores de letramento funcional em saúde também foi identificado naqueles com menor renda. Conclusão A maioria dos participantes apresentou letramento funcional em saúde inadequado. As variaveis clínicas não foram preditoras dos ecores de letramento. No entanto, escores mais baixos de letramento em saúde foram identificados naqueles em estágio mais avancado da doença renal, menor renda e menor uso da internet.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia de la alfabetización funcional en salud y analizar la asociación entre los niveles de alfabetización funcional en salud y las variables clínicas y sociodemográficas en pacientes renales crónicos no dializados. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado con 167 pacientes renales crónicos con seguimiento en consultorios externos de nefrología de un municipio de gran porte del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para las entrevistas se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico y la versión brasileña del Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese Speaking Adults - SAHLPA-18, para medir la alfabetización funcional en salud. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, pruebas de correlación y modelos de regresión lineales para asociación con alfabetización funcional en salud. Resultados La mayoría de los participantes eran personas mayores de 68 años de mediana de edad, el 33,3 % (56 pacientes) se encontraba en la etapa 3B de la enfermedad renal crónica y el 53,9 % (90 pacientes) presentó alfabetización funcional en salud inadecuada. No hubo asociación entre los niveles de alfabetización funcional en salud y las variables clínicas. La mayoría relató que no usaba internet y la etapa más avanzada de la enfermedad renal crónica presentó menor puntaje de alfabetización. Se identificaron peores puntajes de alfabetización funcional en salud en aquellos con menores ingresos. Conclusión La mayoría de los participantes presentó alfabetización funcional en salud inadecuada. Las variables clínicas no fueron predictoras de los puntajes de alfabetización. Sin embargo, se identificaron puntajes más bajos de alfabetización en salud en aquellos en etapa más avanzada de la enfermedad renal, con menores ingresos y menor uso de internet.

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence of functional health literacy and analyze the association between functional health literacy levels and clinical and sociodemographic variables in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Methods This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 167 chronic kidney disease patients being monitored at the nephrology outpatient clinic of a large city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For the interviews, a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese Speaking Adults (SAHLPA-18) were used to measure functional health literacy. Descriptive statistics were performed for sociodemographic and clinical variables, and correlation tests and linear regression models for association with functional health literacy. Results Most participants were older adults with a median age of 68 years, 33.3% (56 patients) were in stage 3B of chronic kidney disease and 53.9% (90 patients) had inadequate functional health literacy. There was no association between functional health literacy levels and clinical variables. The majority reported not using the internet and the more advanced stage of chronic kidney disease had lower literacy scores. Worse functional health literacy scores were also identified in those with lower income. Conclusion Most participants had inadequate functional health literacy. Clinical variables were not predictors of literacy scores. However, lower health literacy scores were identified in those with more advanced stage kidney disease, lower income and less internet use.

Prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous areas, Northeastern Brazil, 2019-2021 / Prevalencia del tracoma en zonas de población indígena y no indígena del nordeste de Brasil, 2019-2021 / Prevalência de tracoma em áreas indígenas e não indígenas, Nordeste do Brasil, 2019-2021

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in selected areas of the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methods. This was a population-based survey with probabilistic sampling. For the diagnosis of trachoma, external ocular examination was performed using head magnifying loupes, at 2.5X magnification. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in the population aged ≥15 years were estimated. Relative frequencies of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics were obtained. Results. The study included 7 971 individuals, 3 429 from non-indigenous populations and 4 542 from indigenous populations. The prevalence of TF in non-indigenous and indigenous populations was 0.1% and 2.9%, respectively, and the prevalence of TT among indigenous populations was 0.1%. Conclusions. The prevalence of TF and TT in the two evaluation units in the state of Maranhão were within the limits recommended for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, the prevalence of TF was higher in the indigenous evaluation unit, indicating a greater vulnerability of this population to the disease. The prevalence of TF of below 5.0% implies a reduction in transmission, which may have resulted from improved socioeconomic conditions and/or the implementation of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia del tracoma en poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en determinadas zonas del estado de Maranhão, en el nordeste de Brasil. Métodos. Se trató de una encuesta de ámbito poblacional con muestreo probabilístico. Para el diagnóstico del tracoma, se realizó un examen ocular externo con una lupa frontal de 2,5X aumentos. Se estimó la prevalencia de la inflamación tracomatosa folicular (TF) en la población infantil de 1 a 9 años y la prevalencia de la triquiasis tracomatosa (TT) en la población de 15 años o más. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias relativas de las características sociodemográficas y ambientales. Resultados. En el estudio participaron 7 971 personas, 3 429 de poblaciones no indígenas y 4 542 de poblaciones indígenas. La prevalencia de la TF en las poblaciones no indígenas e indígenas fue de 0,1% y 2,9%, respectivamente, en tanto que la de la TT en las poblaciones indígenas fue de 0,1%. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la TF y la TT en las dos unidades de evaluación del estado de Maranhão estuvo dentro de los límites recomendados para la eliminación del tracoma como problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de la TF fue mayor en la unidad de evaluación indígena, lo que indica una mayor vulnerabilidad de esta población a la enfermedad. La prevalencia de la TF inferior al 5,0% implica una reducción de la transmisión, que puede haber sido consecuencia tanto de la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicas como de la aplicación de la estrategia SAFE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência do tracoma em populações indígenas e não indígenas em áreas selecionadas do estado do Maranhão, na região Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos. Inquérito de base populacional com amostragem probabilística. Para o diagnóstico de tracoma, foi realizado exame ocular externo com o auxílio de lupas binoculares com ampliação de 2,5×. Foram estimadas a prevalência de inflamação tracomatosa folicular (TF) em crianças de 1 a 9 anos de idade e a prevalência de triquíase tracomatosa (TT) na população com idade ≥15 anos. Foram obtidas as frequências relativas das características sociodemográficas e ambientais. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 7 971 indivíduos (3 429 de populações não indígenas e 4 542 de populações indígenas). A prevalência de TF nas populações não indígenas e indígenas foi de 0,1% e 2,9%, respectivamente, e a prevalência de TT entre as populações indígenas foi de 0,1%. Conclusões. A prevalência de TF e TT nas duas unidades de avaliação no estado do Maranhão ficou dentro dos limites recomendados para a eliminação do tracoma como problema de saúde pública. No entanto, a prevalência de TF foi maior na unidade de avaliação indígena, indicando uma maior vulnerabilidade dessa população à doença. A prevalência de TF abaixo de 5,0% implica uma redução na transmissão, que pode ter sido resultado de melhores condições socioeconômicas e da implementação da estratégia SAFE da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario autorreportado de frecuencia de consumo de polifenoles aportados por la dieta / Design and validation of a self-reported dietary polyphenol intake frequency questionnaire

Introducción: aun cuando existe evidencia que vincula el consumo de polifenoles con mejores resultados en salud, la información sobre patrones de consumo, particularmente en países latinoamericanos, es escasa. Objetivo: diseñar y evaluar la validez de un cuestionario en línea autorreportado de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para medir la ingesta de polifenoles totales de la dieta en población adulta chilena. Métodos: el cuestionario diseñado (FFQ-P) se sometió a opinión de expertos para estimación de coeficiente de validez de contenido; luego se efectuó estudio piloto en 47 adultos, quienes completaron el FFQ-P, además de un registro de alimentos de seis días como método de referencia. Se aplicaron Wilcoxon en muestras relacionadas, correlación Spearman para determinación de fuerza de asociación y diagramas de Bland-Altman para examinar diferencia entre métodos. Resultados: la validez de contenido reflejó valores concordantes para adecuación (0,94 ± 0,04) y pertinencia (0,93 ± 0,05). La diferencia porcentual entre ambos métodos fue del 1,2 %, observándose mayor variabilidad en frutas (9 %) y bebidas alcohólicas (4 %). La prueba de Wilcoxon no mostró diferencias significativas entre los grupos de alimentos. Se observó confiabilidad media para verduras, frutas, té y café (0,26-0,5) y confiabilidad moderada en el caso de bebidas alcohólicas (0,5-0,75). El valor promedio de la diferencia fue de 9,8, a una corta distancia de cero. Conclusión: el FFQ-P es confiable para estimar ingesta de polifenoles de frutas, verduras, bebidas alcohólicas, té y café, sin embargo, la ingesta de bebidas no alcohólicas, frutos secos y aceitunas se debe interpretar con reservas. (AU)

Introduction: although there is evidence linking polyphenol consumption with better health outcomes, information on consumption patterns, particularly in Latin American countries, is scarce. Objective: to design and evaluate the validity of an online self-reported food frequency questionnaire to measure dietary total polyphenol intake in the Chilean adult population. Methods: the designed questionnaire (FFQ-P) was submitted to expert opinion for content validity coefficient estimation; then a pilot study was conducted in 47 adults who completed FFQ-P, in addition to a six-day food record as a reference method. Wilcoxon was applied in related samples, Spearman’s correlation to determine the strength of association and Bland-Altman diagrams to examine the difference between methods. Results: content validity reflected concordant values for adequacy (0.94 ± 0.04) and relevance (0.93 ± 0.05). The percentage difference between both methods was 1.2 %, with greater variability observed in fruits (9 %) and alcoholic beverages (4 %). The Wilcoxon test showed no significant differences between food groups. Medium reliability was observed for vegetables, fruits, tea, and coffee (0.26 to 0.5) and moderate reliability for alcoholic beverages (0.5 to 0.75). The mean value of the difference was 9.8, being within a short distance of zero. Conclusion: FFQ-P is reliable for estimating polyphenol intake from fruits, vegetables, alcoholic beverages, tea, and coffee; however, the intake of non-alcoholic beverages, nuts and olives should be interpreted with reservation. (AU)

Análisis del grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles (2022) / Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022)

Objetivo conocer el grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles. Método estudio descriptivo multicéntrico del grado de implantación de las prácticas seguras recogidas en el «Cuestionario de autoevaluación de la seguridad del uso de los medicamentos en los hospitales. Versión II». Participaron aquellos hospitales españoles que cumplimentaron este cuestionario entre octubre de 2021 y septiembre de 2022. El cuestionario contiene 265 ítems de evaluación agrupados en 10 elementos clave. Se calculó la puntuación media y el porcentaje medio sobre el valor máximo posible para el cuestionario completo, los elementos clave y los ítems de evaluación. Los resultados se compararon con los del estudio realizado en 2011. Resultados participaron 131 hospitales de 15 comunidades autónomas. La puntuación media del cuestionario completo en los hospitales fue de 898,2 (57,4% del valor máximo posible). No se encontraron diferencias según la dependencia, el tamaño o la finalidad asistencial, ni en el cuestionario completo ni en los elementos clave. Presentaron los valores más bajos los elementos clave VIII, I y VI, sobre competencia y formación de los profesionales en prácticas seguras (45,1%), disponibilidad y accesibilidad de la información esencial sobre los pacientes (48%) y dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos (52,3%). Con respecto a 2011, se encontraron aumentos significativos tanto en el cuestionario completo como en los elementos clave, excepto en el V y VII, referentes a la estandarización, almacenamiento y distribución de medicamentos, y a los factores del entorno y recursos humanos. ...(AU)

Objective To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. Method Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October/2021 and September/2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. Results A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements 8, 1 and 6, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except 5 and 7, referring to standardization, storage and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. Conclusions.... (AU)